Health Promotion Campaign Proposal: Cardiovascular Disease

Campaign Purpose and Rationale

Evidence

The purpose of this project proposal is to develop a heart disease health promotion campaign. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 29% of all deaths according to AIHW 2015 statistics (AIHW, 2017). Additional statistics shows that 44% of deaths within cardiovascular disease are due to coronary heart disease (CHD) (AIHW, 2017), whereas 32% of hospitalisations for CVD were due to CHD in 2009-10 (Waters et al., 2013). Apparently, no explicit health promotion campaign exists in Australia to specifically address cardiovascular diseases and/or coronary heart disease: instead, current health promotion campaigns centre on the CHD and CVD risk factors, such as poor diet and lifestyle, and obesity, when CVD/CHD remains the main killer of Australians. Waters et al. (2013), predict that the prevalence of CHD is on an upsurge trend even as the ageing population grows.

Target group

The campaign targets men and women aged between 45-64 years old. The target group are Australians of lower socioeconomic status, the majority of whom have higher literacy level, as well as higher unemployment rates in the society, subsequently affecting their access to [critical] health care services (SBS, 2017). Thus, the campaign targets Australians with the following traits:

  • Lower socioeconomic status
  • Lower education level
  • Higher unemployment level
  • Lower access to healthcare services

Campaign Aims and Objectives

Aim

The aim of the health promotion campaign is to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease in people from lower socioeconomic groups and over 45 years old in the most vulnerable areas in Sydney through both preventative measures and follow-up interventions

Objectives

For the proposed health promotions campaign, there are three (3) objectives. The first objective is to educate lower socioeconomic status individuals and people over 45 years old the risk of CHD from particular lifestyle choices/behaviours and increase awareness of CHD programs. The second aim of the campaign is to increase access to clinical screening and assessment of CHD. The final objective of the program is to decrease the proportion of at-risk targets in developing CHD via access to a nutrition and exercise regime.

In light of the project aim and objectives, we want to curtail mortality and mortality associated with CHD, and close the health gap between socioeconomic groups in Australia. Aforementioned, we will target mature Australians (aged between 45-64 years old). This group was selected because, according to the Heart Foundation (2018), people aged 45+ are the most vulnerable age group. The program will be launched in the five most socioeconomically disadvantaged local areas in Sydney. These areas include Fairfield, Blacktown, Parramatta South, Bankstown and Wyong.

Campaign Implementation Strategies and Methods

Objective 1

To educate lower socioeconomic status individuals and people over 45 years old the risk of CHD from particular lifestyle choices/behaviours and increase awareness of CHD programs, the proposed health promotion campaign will use a setting-based approach.

Settings-based approach

For decades, setting-based health promotion has been used as a means to enhance public health. Setting-based approaches are associated with building awareness with council partnership/awareness on heart health and the free screening services offered (Watson & Platt, 2000). This approach allows for wide range implementation of health programs (Whitelaw et al., 2001). Moreover, healthcare practitioners can identify common interventions for complex health issues (Whitelaw et al., 2001). Even so, according to Whitelaw et al. (2001), this form of orientation is likely to exacerbate health inequalities, leading to imbalanced access to health care services.

To implement this approach, we will use bus stop ads and banners, which will be designed and managed by the local health district, and possibly heart foundation. We will also take advantage of local councils events, in addition to advertisements at local health centres medical centres and offices of general practitioners to raise awareness of the campaign/intervention program at the grassroot level. Moreover, mails will be delivered to people within our target locations. The campaign will also be advertised on the local newspaper. In light of Nutbeam (2000), deductions, we believe that through health literacy, the program participants will be more autonomous and self efficacious, thus, increasing their understanding of improving their health.

Objective 2

To increase access to clinical screening and assessment of CHD, the proposed health promotion campaign will also leverage a setting-based approach.

Settings-based approach

For the proposed project, the aim of a setting-based approach is to bring CHD health services closer to the older poor Australians with limited access to health care services. According to Poland et al. (2000), this approach ensures people with individuals with health issues are identified, and thus, prepared for long-term care. Neufeld & Kettner (2014), note that it creates a supportive environment for optimal health, and is flexible, promotes community participation and partnerships, and ensures equity. However, the according to setting approach theory, integrating all stakeholders can be a challenge because of bureaucratic matters within the healthcare system (Neufeld & Kettner, 2014).

To implement this approach, the campaign will leverage mobile screening services using a mobile health vehicle. These will be disseminated around the disadvantaged/high risk communities in the western Sydney region. The screening will involves different types of tests, including:

  • Measurement of BMI and Waistline circumferences
  • Blood Pressure – Cost effective, Simple way to identify High Blood Pressure
  • Blood Test (pathology tests are rebated by the MBS)

This project is likely to succeed as its Neufeld & Kettner (2014), associate setting based approach with 70 percent success rate.

Objective 3

To decrease the proportion of at-risk targets in developing CHD via access to a nutrition and exercise regime, the project will use an individual approach.

Individual approach

Individual approaches to health promotion have high benefits to individuals, promoting high subjective motivation and doctor motivation (Tones et al., 2001). According to Keiser et al. (2008), individual approach in healthcare is associated with effective implementation of long-term illness programs such as HAART. Even so, Keiser et al. (2008), note that the rate of follow up could be low as the number of participants undergoing screening increases.

To implement this approach, we will conduct a one week follow-up from screening after obtaining the test results. The target group will be categorised into medium-high risk and low risk, where each group will be approached differently. For the medium-high risk group, the campaign will focus on behavioural risks associated with CHD, as well as the medical risks based on the recommendations of health practitioners. Meanwhile, the lower risk group will entail focusing on behavioural risks to encourage the participants to change their lifestyle (specifically alcohol and substance use/abuse and poor nutrition) and exercise more. In light of Raphael (2000), strategies of public health improvement, this campaign is highly likely to educate the patients and alter their risky behaviours and attitude towards healthy living.

Campaign Challenges and Solutions

Significant challenges pose in the way of successful implementation of the CHD health campaign programs (Kemm, 2014).

Funding and availability of mobile service

For one thing, it may be difficult to receive enough funding for multiple mobile carts as this will be an expensive project and its effectiveness is not yet clear at the moment. Accordingly, this may affect the availability of the mobile services to traverse across Sydney’s suburbs. In the event that we do not receive enough funding for enough carts, we can establish a roster where services alternate between suburbs each week, according to Seedhouse’s (2004) program planning. Nonetheless, we expect funding from the NSW Ministry of Health and LHDs on a fixed term contract to ensure timing and availability of service.

Location of service

The second challenge is the location of services. When the mobile services are first established using the mobile health vans, the campaign team may find it difficult to determine their optimal location for reaching older lower SES people. To determine the precise locations, the team will monitor traffic in public areas, such as hospitals and shopping centres, which are commonly and easily accessed by the campaign’s target population.

Making sure that patients follow up with services after the screening

The final challenge entails following up the patients after they have been screened. This would be a challenge especially when the patients are neither aware of treatment options nor motivated to change negative health behaviours. Nonetheless, the campaign team intends to resolve this problem via patient education by disseminating flyers on how to prevent and/or manage CVD. Moreover, partner medical centres will be encouraged to keep in contact with patients via a preferred method (mail, phone) to remind patients to follow up besides organizing CVD health talks monthly.

Ethical Issues

Another challenge is ethical issues. Considering that the campaign involves humans, we will be required to uphold the highest integrity and transparency. More so, all the stakeholders in the program will respect the medical principles of autonomy, benevolence, maleficence, and justice (Raphael, 2000). Overall, the campaign team will ensure every participant has non-discriminatory access to screening and follow up.

Campaign Stakeholders

For the proposed health promotion campaign, the main stakeholders include: (1) Lower SES Australians aged 45+ years old in Sydney; (2) Healthcare workers (including Nurses/GPs/Hospital staff/other AH); (3) NSW Ministry of Health and Local Health Districts; and, (4) the National Heart Foundation of Australia. Each stakeholder will play a distinct role in the campaign.

Lower SES individuals, aged 45+ in Sydney

This is the group directly affected by cardiovascular diseases, according to the Heart Foundation.

Healthcare workers (Nurses/GPs/hospital staff/cardiologists)

Nurses will conduct the screenings in the mobile vehicles and administer blood tests. GPs will conduct follow-up sessions with the patient to discuss results and, when necessary, prescribe medications or refer the individual to hospital for a procedure where they will be admitted as a public patient. The GP may also refer the patient to a cardiologist for consultation, where 5 sessions will be covered by the MBS, in light of the Australian Government Department of Health (2016).

NSW Ministry of Health and Local Health Districts

The NSW Ministry of Health will fund the mobile screening service by providing block funding to the Local Health Districts of each target location (e.g. the South West Sydney Local Health District for Fairfield and Bankstown). Meanwhile, the Local Health Districts will provide medical equipment (ECG) and vehicles, recruit the nurses, and promote the mobile service to the public.

National Heart Foundation of Australia

The Heart Foundation will be approached to endorse the health promotion program to increase its credibility among the populace.

Campaign Resources

Successful implementation of the health promotion campaign requires substantial resources, most of which are quite expensive to bring on board, and thus, the need for block funding and strategic partnerships with both local and national institutions. The following resources will be needed: (1) mobile vehicles/mobile carts (x4) to provide on-site screening; (2) Medical equipment most reliable for screening and diagnosing CHD (3) Staff (drivers to transport personnel, nurses to conduct screening, GPs to follow up and/or refer patients; (4) Advertisement to spread the word about the mobile screening services and the overall health promotion campaign.

Campaign Personnel

The campaign will leverage both individuals involved directly with the mobile screening programs and secondary personnel, such as community health centres, clinics, councils, carpark/shopping centre management. The nurses will direct, screen, and monitor the patients; pathologists will assess the blood samples; nutritionists and physiotherapists will lead nutrition and exercising programs; the GPs will identify high risk individuals and facilitate follow ups and referrals; drivers will transport the staff and equipment to various screening locations; and, volunteers will provide extra support during the program. Moreover, the team will be in contact with community health centres, clinics, and council members, as well as car parking/shopping centre management for a space to park the campaign vehicle. Such high foot traffic places will increase the program exposure.

Campaign Equipment/ Utility

To ensure the health promotion program runs successfully, the project team will require various utilities. First, the team will require four (4) mobile screening vehicles to transport the staff and screening equipment, act as on-site screening centres, and provide accessibility to various screening locations. The van will have an extended roof and wheel base suitable for the campaign operations. Moreover, it is easier to manouver the vans than trailers, which require the use of a truck to move the trailer around to the various locations. White vans, with the campaign ad will be used to enhance identifiability. Each van will be loaded with medical equipment, including blood pressure/blood analysis, and mobile ECG/EKG. Imperatively, cost and space effective methods for screening and diagnosing will be used.

Campaign Advertising and Cost

The campaign will depend on intensive advertising to reach the target population. We will need an advertising agency to spread the word about the mobile vans. Some of our partners will include oOH!, JCdecaux, and the NSW Health. The will erect posters in Local Health Centres/Clinics, billboards and bus stop ads, and aforementioned, making the vans identifiable. The advertisements will be placed in these high traffic areas to increase exposure of the service. Among the good places to erect the billboards include M7, M4, and Parramatta Road.

Approximately, each van and equipment will cost AUD 90,000 and AUD 10,000, respectively, adding up to AUD 400,000. Staffing will cost AUD 320,000 annually per van, adding to AUD 1.2 million. Overall, we approximate the program will cost, excluding advertising and intermediaries, AUD 1.6 million.

Campaign Evaluation

The project will be evaluated in light of the purpose of the campaign. The project team use process evaluation. According to Diaz et al. (2014), this method allows teams to assess whether it is achieving the campaign activities are being implemented. In addition, impact evaluation will be used. This is an effective method for assessing the program’s effectiveness in achieving its aims and objectives (Raphael, 2000).

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017). Deaths. [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/life-expectancy-death/deaths/data [accessed June 7, 2018].

Diaz, T., Guenther, T., Oliphant, N. P., Muñiz, M., & the iCCM Symposium impact outcome evaluation thematic group. (2014). A proposed model to conduct process and outcome evaluations and implementation research of child health programs in Africa using integrated community case management as an example. Journal of Global Health, 4(2), 020409. http://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.04.020409

Heart Foundation (2018). Action Plan. Retrieved 24 May, 2018, from https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/after-my-heart-attack/heart-attack-recovery/action-plans [Accessed June 7, 2018].

Kemm, J. R. (2014). Health promotion: Ideology, discipline, and specialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Keiser O, Orrell C, Egger M, Wood R, Brinkhof MWG, et al. (2008) Correction: Public-Health and Individual Approaches to Antiretroviral Therapy: Township South Africa and Switzerland Compared. PLOS Medicine 5(9): e195. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050195

Neufeld, J., & Kettner, J. (2014). The Settings Approach in Public Health: Thinking about Schools in Infectious Disease Prevention and Control. National Collaborating Center for Infectious Diseases, 45. [Online] Available at: https://nccid.ca/publications/the-settings-approach-in-public-health/ [Accessed June 7, 2018].

Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health promotion international, 15(3), 259-267.

Poland, B. D., Green, L. and Rootman, I. (2000). Settings for Health Promotion: Linking Theory and Practice. Sage, London.

Raphael, D. (2000). The question of evidence in health promotion. Health Promotion International, 15, 355–367.

Seedhouse, D. (2004). Health Promotion: Philosophy, Prejudice and Practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

SBS. (2017). Interactive: find out how your neighbourhood compares to the rest of Australia. [online] Available at:

https://www.sbs.com.au/interactive/2017/struggle-street/ [accessed June 7, 2018]

Tones, K., Tilford, S., & Tones, K. (2001). Health promotion: Effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes.

Waters, A. M., Trinh, L., Chau, T., Bourchier, M., & Moon, L. (2013). Latest statistics on cardiovascular disease in Australia. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 40(6), 347-356.

Whitelaw, S., et al. (2001). ‘Settings’ based health promotion: A review. Health Promotion International, 16(4): 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/16.4.339

Watson, J., & Platt, S. (2000). Researching Health Promotion. Routledge, London.

 

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Buddhism rise in western countries

Buddhism rise in western countries

 

Introduction

Buddhism has made huge penetration and has made significant mark on the western culture. In recent times, both rich and poor are embracing Buddhism as part of their lives. This religion is characterized by golden temples, secular settings and smiling Buddha. The religion is ancient with fascinating history however from 1960s to present, the cultural climate for Buddhism in UK and other western countries have has favored its growth. The aim of this paper is to explore factors that favored increasing popularity of Buddhism compared to traditional religions or unreligious state.

Rising popularity of Buddhism in west

The blossom of Buddhism is attributed to creativity and explosion of musical and artistic features. The collapse of western projects, increase in use of recreational drugs and intense controversies of American civil rights as well as war perpetrated by America in many eastern countries like Vietnam has led to many people questioning values hold by American religion. The artists are increasingly influencing way of life in society by revealing evils in the society. The music and other artistic work celebrities have endorsed Buddhism thus influencing westerners to embrace it like involvement of Mick Jagger and the Beatles (Skilton 1). Thus the flourishing radicalization of artistic, spiritual and political insights among the youths saw Buddhism as the main vehicle for driving adventurous exploration.

The westerners have turned to Buddhism to seek happier existence and find solution to their problems. This is because Buddhism community emphasizes on living a noble life (Sponsel & Natadecha-Sponsel 356). The Buddha teachings are based on the scientific knowledge whereby individuals are not encouraged to follow blindly but to experiment. People should not just believe theories, traditions handed from generations and anything written in religious books but one should observe and analysis in order to do things that benefit individual and all people. The Buddhism therefore encourages people to follow teachings that meet their personal experience.

Furthermore, Buddhism is more compatible to modern world and living compared to other forms of religion. The teachings of Buddha fosters unity through Loving Kindness (Metta) and Compassion (Karuna) and discourages violence and aggressiveness (Hofmann, Grossman & Hinton 1129). The love according to Buddhism teaching is selfless and unconditional and thus everyone must be loved irrespective of their social, economic, gender or sexual orientation. This seems fit to western culture that is rapidly changing to encompass sex of same gender that has experienced huge resistance from traditional religious organizations. The young westerners are therefore appealed to this religion characterized by meditation and experimentation. The Buddhism is widely adaptable to different cultural backgrounds. Their main focus is having universal religion that hold society together. Everyone can join Buddhism irrespective of their gender, race or sexual orientation it is well suited to diverse backgrounds in the west.

Buddhist teaching buffered western culture

Buddhism has been gaining popularity in the western countries as indicated by rising number of followers in the past decades. The common problems experienced in the modern day life like corruption, lust for money and bad political power has attracted may westerners to Buddhism since it focuses on what is really important in life rather than material things (Lomas et al., 2014). It is important to note that the West had put much focus and hope in money and power however after they get all these things, people still find emptiness instead of happiness. The material live of western culture has also brought great stress at work and many other personal relationships. The Buddhism concept of vipassana or mindfulness seem to offer solution as it concerns finding inward strength and self-transformation thus helping people relieve stress (Walach et al. 1544). Through meditation, the Buddhist people find peace.

The traditional form of religion is based on believing in God who is unseen. People are increasingly questioning faith-based religion and still find it difficult to comprehend benefits of this kind of religion. As a result, many turn o Buddhism that encourages followers to believe in what they see and does not ask to believe in supernatural God. The central thesis for Buddhism is believing in what can be seen or experienced through the five senses (Hamilton-Blyth 12). This is based on scientific principle that focuses on proof in the modern society. Many phenomenon and thought-provoking questions has been major concern for westerners. As a result, Buddhism has responded by adhering to the demand and needs of modern society thus attracting many people especially the westerners.

The western culture has largely been influenced by the United states. Furthermore, people from all over the world were much interested in American culture like movies, clothes and fast-foods. However, in the recent past, the economy of the west particularly the US has been crumbling away thus people are gaining more interest in Chinese and Asian culture. Due to economic instability, people find Buddhism favorable as a way of rejecting the materialistic lifestyle.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Buddhism is appealing to the Westerners as it is non-compulsive, emphasizes on meditation, based on simplicity of life, free from idol worshiping, more practical and science based. The Buddhism seeks to answer truth of life in more holistic way rather than focusing on religious war, forced conversation, animal sacrifice and mandatory beliefs. The Buddhism therefore provide equal opportunity for all and everything is open to question and nobody is forbidden due to sex or gender and does not say negative things about LGBTs.

 

Works cited

Hamilton-Blyth, Sue. Early Buddhism: A new approach: The I of the beholder. Routledge, 2013.

Hofmann, Stefan G., Paul Grossman, and Devon E. Hinton. “Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions.” Clinical psychology review 31.7 (2011): 1126-1132.

Lomas, Tim, et al. “A religion of wellbeing? The appeal of Buddhism to men in London, United Kingdom.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 6.3 (2014): 198.

Skilton, A. (2014). Why is Buddhism so hip? Retrieved on June 1, 2018 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/27039902.

Sponsel, Leslie E., and Poranee Natadecha-Sponsel. “Buddhist views of nature and the environment.” Nature Across Cultures. Springer, Dordrecht, 2003. 351-371.

Walach, Harald, et al. “Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI).” Personality and individual differences 40.8 (2006): 1543-1555.

 

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Consider the structure of the novel, broken into the three sections, “Encounter,” Re- Encounter” and “Finale

3- Consider the structure of the novel, broken into the three sections, “Encounter,” Re-
Encounter” and “Finale.” What seems to be the main action or message in each section, and
how do those three work together overall?
750-1000 words

RESPONSE 

The first part of the novel ‘Passing’ is referred to as the encounter segment. It begins in an unremarkable routine whereby Irene is opening her mails but it does not dwell on this aspect for to long. Additionally, it illustrates Irene immediate memories of her childhood friend Clare. Clare was a woman with a fraught childhood and a dramatic personality establishing a deep contrast between herself and Irene. Larsen is also exceedingly precise when she describes Clare even in her physical aspects. This creates a lasting image of Clare as a woman in her own social class and her clothes, gestures and eyes make a strong impression even on Irene. The encounter gives a grueling description of both Clare and Irene in their own separate worlds and struggling to fit into the society as whites even though deep down they have mixed feelings about their identity. For Clare it is a struggle to appear white, as she wants to be assimilated into the white society an aspect that comes with varying privileges. Irene wants to appear white only when she is in the mood of acquiring certain privileges. She is not driven by the illusion since she respects herself as a black woman in a racist world. She acknowledges her heritage and is willing to popularize it through the Harlem Renaissance. This early chapters of the encounter are dedicated to establishing Irene’s and Clare’s personalities and situation slowly getting in to the race factor. They also depict the meeting between Irene and Clare exchanging some of the stories of their lives. Clare is yearning to be a part of the black heritage that she has distanced herself from for a long time. As the encounter reaches its conclusion, it remains to be known whether Clare can manage to reconcile the different faces of her personality or whether her lifestyle will be to her own detriment.

The second phase of the novel is referred to as the re encounter. In this section, Irene’s feelings about Clare are unclear and he views the desire for reconnection by Clare as an impulse motivated by self-interest aspects. Irene is outrageous even from the start having negative feelings towards Clare and even cursing her at some point. At this point, Larsen brings in a new major character Brian who is Irene’s husband. As depicted, Brian is a handsome restless doctor, trait brought out in his acting, thinking and talking. This section brings out aspects of social decorum where there are conversations and narrations about the two main characters Irene and Clare and their husbands and how they both view their counterparts. Brian and Irene are surrounded by tension in their relationship and are both unhappy. Irene is aware of this but takes the issue casually only working to frustrate her husband even more. On the other hand, there is the relationship between Bellew and Clare. This relationship is based on a lie and could be more tense than Brian’s and Irene’s relationship. However, Clare is used to playing along to her husband’s desires and whims and this makes their relationship seem more harmonious. ‘Passing’ depicts marriage life as a treacherous terrain that has to be navigated using negotiations, compromises and suggestion. Nevertheless, as the reencounter nears its climax Clare has already re-ingratiated herself back into the black society and is in constant communication with Irene. This was her desire from the beginning but as the reencounter ends, she is in tears. The notion of tears after she has accomplished her desire leaves the readers wondering whether this are tears of regret or fear about what is to come in the future. The reencounter ensures the resolving of racial and emotional tensions in Claire’s life.

The final part of the ‘Passing’ is identified as the Finale and it has exceedingly many incidents even though it takes up less space that the encounter and reencounter segments. In short, this is where Irene senses that her friend Clare has been having an affair with Brian, Irene witnesses Clare’s death and meets John Bellew face to face. The finale seems to illustrate that Clare’s passing was unconventional and risky doomed to meet a tragic end. Irene also feels pain in the finale as he realizes that Brian her husband has been having an affair despite of all the effort she has put into their marriage. Irene is portrayed as a woman in pain but working hard to suppress the pain by showing a bright and composed face at social gatherings. As the novel ends, there is no concrete evidence that there was an affair between Brian and Clare or how Clare fell.

These segments and the way they are structured bring out the illustration of trying to establish identity through various forms of social decorum. Even though Clare meets a tragic death at the end, his narrative throughout the novel depicts her as a strong, loving and self-motivated individual. The flow of Clare’s narrative through Irene’s eyes brings out the nature and difference of the two worlds that Clare and Irene lived in capturing the audience in an ambiguous way.

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Nella Larsen’s novel Passing spends a lot of time describing clothes, interiors, and social gatherings, both intimate and grand

2- Nella Larsen’s novel Passing spends a lot of time describing clothes, interiors, and social
gatherings, both intimate and grand. Discuss how these “novel of manners” aspects of the
novel work to further the novel’s discussion of race and identity.
750-1000 words

Response

The aspects of novel of manners initially emanate from the title ‘Passing’. Considering the fact that the term passing is associated to something passing by or passing away. As illustrated throughout the book ‘passing’ refers to the idea of passing as white during the Harlem renaissance era represented by a highly racist society. The two main characters Clare and Irene are at times trying to pass as total whites even though they are half-black and half-white. In her illustrations, Larsen tries to describe details intuitively to help the readers comprehend all elements in her narrative in a deeper manner. This elaborative description is critical in enabling readers not to lose grip of the deeper message that is identity. Through these descriptions, Larsen furthers our understanding of race and identity in that people are unique and different regardless of how they may want to be envisioned by the society.

Clare and Irene choose to pass as white to experience varying privileges accorded to the white population. Even though they share the same traits, they utilize them in different capacities. Irene passes as white when she needs to acquire certain privileges but insists on holding on to her black culture and heritage. On the other hand, Clare attempts to fully assimilate herself into the white society going as far as withholding her identity and race from her own husband who seems to be a racist. Larsen is using description to ensure that readers deeply understand what she is referring to in the text. In terms of gatherings and occasions, she wants to illustrate the type of gatherings and occasion that the whites had and the blacks had. She is differentiating the two in a realistic way that encroached the time after the First World War and during the Harlem renaissance.

Additionally, Larsen in her novel ‘Passing’ wants to paint a clear picture of the association between the blacks and the whites. Through her descriptive tone, Larsen is able to show how the whites were arrogant and show offs demeaning all other individuals who were not white. For the blacks, Larsen is able to show their calmness and love for their culture in the way they relate to each other and look after each other. Furthermore, she shows the readers the kind of relationships that existed between the whites and the blacks even in gatherings. For instance, he illustrates the beauty of Clare who was admired by everyone but shows the loneliness that she was experiencing deep down due to not being fully content with herself. Irene though not as beautiful as Clare, was quite content with her life and accepted her true identity and this worked to her advantage making her popular among her colleagues. Clare’s discontentedness is a disadvantage that works to her own demise as she tries to fit into two identities.

In their first encounter after a long time, Clare and Irene meet at a café in Chicago and Irene is exceedingly worried that she may be identified as black and ejected from the café. Her worry is too great that she does not recognize her longtime friend Clare who at first she thinks is a white woman staring at her. The description of the café seeks out to illustrate that this was a white man’s café and blacks were not entertained in such establishments. This aspect pinpoints how racist the society was at the time if it were possible for an individual to be kicked out of a hotel for being colored. Additionally, there is the factor of members of the black society trying to pass as white to be accorded some privileges. Often times, literatures talk about the racism in the aspect of the white discriminating against the lack. However, in this context there is the aspect a black woman being discriminated by her own black community since she has no proper identity and has failed to recognize her heritage.

In this aspect, Larsen is heavily descriptive to ensure that the readers discern and grasp the context in which she is speaking. The two main characters are of the same race but have totally different lifestyles and character traits. These descriptions support the story line by emphasizing on appreciation of content and proper identification of elements. To Larsen, Clare and Irene are two unique characters who have to be separated for the reader to understand the theme behind her narration. Even in the end, the reader is forced to understand the meaning of staying true to ones identity as Clare is confronted by varying situations that lead to her unexpected death. Larsen has used this cunning concept to facilitate perception and intuition between characters and elements in the narration. Through her intuitive description, one feels as if he or she is in the narration and can be able to experience what was going on and feel the same way as the characters. Therefore, one is able to relate with the feeling of racism and the search for identity.

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HEALTHCARE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

WEEK 6 TASK 3 TRANSFORMING NURSING

HEALTHCARE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

Throughout history, technological advancements have appeared for one purpose before finding applications elsewhere that lead to spikes in its usage and development. The internet, for example, was originally developed to share research before becoming a staple of work and entertainment. But technology—new and repurposed—will undoubtedly continue to be a driver of healthcare information. Informaticists often stay tuned to trends to monitor what the next new technology will be or how the next new idea for applying existing technology can benefit outcomes.

In this Discussion, you will reflect on your healthcare organization’s use of technology and offer a technology trend you observe in your environment.

RESOURCES

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare:

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TASK 2 WEEK 5 TRANSFORMING NURSING BIG DATA RISKS AND REWARDS

When you wake in the morning, you may reach for your cell phone to reply to a few text or email messages that you missed overnight. On your drive to work, you may stop to refuel your car. Upon your arrival, you might swipe a key card at the door to gain entrance to the facility. And before finally reaching your workstation, you may stop by the cafeteria to purchase a coffee.

From the moment you wake, you are in fact a data-generation machine. Each use of your phone, every transaction you make using a debit or credit card, even your entrance to your place of work, creates data. It begs the question: How much data do you generate each day? Many studies have been conducted on this, and the numbers are staggering: Estimates suggest that nearly 1 million bytes of data are generated every second for every person on earth.

As the volume of data increases, information professionals have looked for ways to use big data—large, complex sets of data that require specialized approaches to use effectively. Big data has the potential for significant rewards—and significant risks—to healthcare. In this Discussion, you will consider these risks and rewards.

a description of at least one potential benefit of using big data as part of a clinical system and explain why. Then, describe at least one potential challenge or risk of using big data as part of a clinical system and explain why. Propose at least one strategy you have experienced, observed, or researched that may effectively mitigate the challenges or risks of using big data you described. Be specific and provide examples.

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TASK 1 WEEK 3 TRANSFORMING NURSING AND HC-WINTER

INTERACTION BETWEEN NURSE INFORMATICISTS AND OTHER SPECIALISTS

Nature offers many examples of specialization and collaboration. Ant colonies and bee hives are but two examples of nature’s sophisticated organizations. Each thrives because their members specialize by tasks, divide labor, and collaborate to ensure food, safety, and general well-being of the colony or hive.

Of course, humans don’t fare too badly in this regard either. And healthcare is a great example. As specialists in the collection, access, and application of data, nurse informaticists collaborate with specialists on a regular basis to ensure that appropriate data is available to make decisions and take actions to ensure the general well-being of patients.

In this Discussion, you will reflect on your own observations of and/or experiences with informaticist collaboration. You will also propose strategies for how these collaborative experiences might be improved.

WRITE a description of experiences or observations about how nurse informaticists and/or data or technology specialists interact with other professionals within your healthcare organization. Suggest at least one strategy on how these interactions might be improved. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain the impact you believe the continued evolution of nursing informatics as a specialty and/or the continued emergence of new technologies might have on professional interactions.

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NACLA Report on the Americas Review

This is the third and final installment of the three NACLA Report on the Americas reviews that you will submit for this class.  This review is to be at least 3-4 pages and this due date of Monday, November 28, at 11:59 PM, corresponds to South America, such as Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Ecuador, etc.  Please submit your review through the Canvas in either of the following formats: doc, docx or PDF.  Late papers will be accepted for one week after the assigned due date and will be assessed a full grade deduction.  Please use both a title page and a works cited page (neither of these pages count toward your 3-4 pages of text).  All 3 reports will count as a combined 30% toward your final grade.  In your works cited page, compose your article entry in a format like this:

Schrader, Stuart, “From Police Reform to Police Repression: 50 Years after an Assassination,”  NACLA Report on the Americas website (August 10, 2020).

Here is a list of articles from the NACLA website pertaining to regions for the November 28 due date. Everybody, please pick any one article from this list for your November 28 review.   Just follow the same format for your first and second NACLA submissions.  These articles range in date from February 2019 to September 2022.  For this list, I’m going in alphabetical order by nation:

Argentina:

  • A Clash of Interests in Villa 31 (Oct. 2019) (Links to an external site.)
  • Activists Call for Legislation to Protect Argentina’s Wetlands (Oct. 2020) (Links to an external site.)
  • Activists Keep Argentina’s Abortion Reform on the Agenda Despite Covid-19 (July 2020)
  • After Nearly 100 Years, Argentina Acknowledges State Massacre of Indigenous Communities (July 2022)Links to an external site.

(Links to an external site.)

  • Another IMF Bailout in Argentina (June 2019)
  • Argentina 20 Years After La Crisis del 2001 (Apr. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)
(Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Bolivia:

Biden Bungles Bolivia (June 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Brazil:

Brazil’s October 2 Election Results Evoke Disappointment and Hope (Oct. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Environmental Justice in the Age of Unnatural Disaster (Mar. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

(Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

The Amazon Can’t Survive Another Bolsonaro Government (Oct. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Chile:

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)


(Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Women Win Decades-Long Clean Air Battle in Chile’s Own “Chernobyl” (July 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

Colombia:

 (Links to an external site.)

Colombia Rises Up (May 2021) (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Indigenous Groups Occupy Bogotá Park in Protest (Mar. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Progressive Politics Makes Gains in Colombia’s Conservative Antioquia (Mar. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Ecuador:

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Reality of Dreams: Post-Neoliberal Utopias in the Ecuadorian Amazon (Apr. 2022)Links to an external site.

Territories of Extreme Violence in Ecuador’s War on Drugs (Mar. 2022)Links to an external site.

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Guyana:

Paraguay:

 (Links to an external site.)

Peru:

 (Links to an external site.)

José de Echave on the Future of the Left in Peru (July 2021) (Links to an external site.)

Libel Conviction in Peru: A ‘Dagger’ for Investigative Journalism (Jan. 2022) (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

Suriname:

 (Links to an external site.)

Uruguay:

Venezuela:

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 (Links to an external site.)

 

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MBA 651: In Class Activity TEST Fall C 2 – 2022

In Class Activity TEST Fall C 2 – 2022

 

Course Code: MBA 651 Course Title:  OB
Date of Examination:  30-11-2022 Time of Examination:
Location of Exam: MGT 104 Instructor(s):
Number of Students: 42 Number of Pages:  2

 

NAME OF STUDENT:______________________________________ID #:____________________

 

INSTRUCTIONS – READ CAREFULLY

 

  • Write or type your answer on this Word Document and upload in turn-it-in on Moodle.
  • Examination is OPEN book for all students.
  • Use of unauthorized material and attempts to cheat or plagiarize will automatically result in a grade of zero for this examination and appropriate disciplinary measures.

 

MAPPING CLOs WITH ME QUESTIONS

 

CLOs PLOs Questions
CLO 1-. Critically discuss and evaluate the influence of personality, attitudes, perceptions, and attributions on organizational behavior PO1 1
CLO 2- Develop advanced knowledge in various theories on personality, power and need behavior in relation to individual behavior in organizations PO2 2
CLO 3- Critically assess how various models of management styles and motivation techniques are utilized in organizations to improve productivity, performance, and job satisfaction PO4 3
CLO 4- Compare and contrast how various group theories impact team productivity and motivation in organizations PO7,9  
CLO 5- Evaluate and critically question the theories and concepts of organizational culture and behavior in achieving organization’s strategic goals. PO10  

 

 

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

 

  1. Critically analyze the below research case study and explain how it is possible to enhance work engagement in the healthcare industry

 

According to a research study, a small (1%) increase in employee engagement leads to a 3% reduction in hospital-acquired complications. Meanwhile, hospital readmissions were reduced by 7%. The study stated that fully engaged and engaged physicians referred 3% more outpatients and 51% more in-patients to the hospital than non-engaged or actively disengaged physicians. According to the same study, fully engaged and engaged physicians were 26% more productive than their less engaged counterparts. It amounted to an extra $460,000 in average annual in-patient revenue per physician.

The study analyzed the relationship between personality traits and job engagement in the healthcare industry. A self-administered survey was applied to the personnel. A relevant data was collected from 250 nurses and doctors. The results of the study indicated that there were significant relationships between personality traits and job engagement. Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience were positively related but Neuroticism was negatively related to physical, emotional and positive engagement. Openness to Experience was the significant predictor of physical, emotional and cognitive engagement. Agreeableness was the predictor of emotional and cognitive engagement. As a higher order factor job engagement was related to big five factors. Openness to Experience and Agreeableness were the only significant predictors of job engagement. Results of this study suggest that the five-factor model is useful for examining the dispositional source of job engagement.

 

2.Critically appraise the conflictual situation that is occurring in the below case. Use concepts and theories to justify your answer. Evaluate the extent to which the culture of organization may influence people engagement.

 

In this rapidly evolving world, we use power, authority influence and politics to foster the requisite change. It is pivotal that a manager develops expertise of these resources in order to gain competitive advantage. The power imbalance between Whitney and Dreanan that developed after the merger of Excel and Gemini has led to mutual undercutting, and conflicting messages from the top of the organization as each fight to steer the company in the future direction they best see fit. In doing so at the expense of their employees, they have alienated divisions, and jeopardized their organizational culture. Excel Systems and Gemini had huge differences in their corporate value system and management approach. Excel exercised an organic/neutral decentralized culture, was a creative and engineering driven company which had more of an entrepreneurial start up approach. On the other hand, Gemini was process-oriented, mechanical and much more professional under the watchful eyes of Dreanan. The factional group thus created friction and strife among upper level and lower level employees. The subsequent resignations and layoffs of employees emphasizes on the diminishing motivation among employees. This relates to Herzberg’s Dual Factor theory of motivation (introduction of job dissatisfiers) and how structural changes in organization can be a barrier to motivation

3.Critically evaluate the following statement: Is empowering employees always beneficial for organizations? Justify your answer with references and literature

 

 

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The effects of stress on the body.

Stress is the body’s response to any demand. When one sense danger, their body prepares to protect them. This happens automatically and is called the “fight-or-flight” response. During this response, one’s heart rate and blood pressure may go up, their breathing quickens, muscles tense, blood sugar rises and one becomes alert (Lupe, Keefer & Szigethy., 2o2o). This response is meant to protect one in a dangerous situation. But sometimes the “fight-or-flight” response is triggered when there is no danger. This can happen when one is stuck in traffic, for example, or when one has a lot of work to do. When this happens, their body is in a state of stress. This study therefore explores the effects of stress on the body.

Too much stress can have negative effects on one’s health. It can weaken the immune system, making one more likely to get sick. It can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. It can also cause mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. The body responds to stress in a number of ways. The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol (Sharma., 2018). These hormones increase heart rate and blood pressure and affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which can lead to increased respiration and sweating. The immune system is also affected, which can lead to an increased susceptibility to infection.

Stress can cause headaches and migraines by causing the body to release chemicals that can constrict blood vessels and cause inflammation. These chemicals include adrenaline, cortisol, and norepinephrine. In addition, stress can trigger the release of neurotransmitters that can cause pain. There are several different types of headaches, and each person may experience them differently. Some people may only get tension headaches, while others may get migraines. Some people may get both. Tension headaches are the most common type of headache (Jensen., 2018). They are often caused by stress, but they can also be caused by other things, such as neck pain or eyestrain. Tension headaches usually feel like a band of pressure around the head. They can be mild, moderate, or severe.

It is believed that stress can contribute to the development of stomach ulcers. When a person is stressed, they may produce more stomach acid than usual. This can lead to the erosion of the lining of the stomach, which can eventually lead to an ulcer. Stress may also cause a person to change their eating habits, or the muscles in the stomach to tighten, which can lead to cramping and other stomach pain. hence contributing to the development of stomach ulcers.

Stress can weaken the immune system, making a person more susceptible to colds and other illnesses, by causing the body to release stress hormones. These hormones can suppress the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infection. When a person is under stress, their body goes into “fight or flight” mode. This mode is characterized by the release of stress hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and other stress hormones (Dhabhar., 2018). These hormones suppress the body’s immune system, making the person more susceptible to colds and other illnesses. In addition, stress can cause changes in the way the body responds to infections, making them more severe.

While it is true that stress can have negative effects on the body, it is also important to note that stress can also have positive effects. In fact, some research suggests that moderate levels of stress can actually be beneficial, as it can help to increase alertness and motivation. For example, stress can motivate people to change their behavior in a positive way, such as eating better or exercising more (Hunger et al., 2015). Additionally, stress can also lead to positive outcomes such as increased resilience, creativity. and be more productive. Ultimately, it is important to remember that everyone experiences stress differently, and what may be stressful for one person may not be for another. Therefore, it is important to find healthy ways to cope with stress that work for you.

Conclusion

Stress is a common experience in today’s fast-paced world. It can have both positive and negative effects on the body. Positive effects of stress may include increased alertness and productivity. Negative effects of stress on the body may include high blood pressure, a weakened immune system, and even depression. Chronic stress can also lead to more serious health problems, such as heart disease, stroke, and obesity. It is important to learn how to manage stress in order to keep your body healthy and functioning properly.

References

Dhabhar, F. S. (2018). The short-term stress response–Mother nature’s mechanism for enhancing protection and performance under conditions of threat, challenge, and opportunity. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology49, 175-192.

Hunger, J. M., Major, B., Blodorn, A., & Miller, C. T. (2015). Weighed down by stigma: How weight‐based social identity threat contributes to weight gain and poor health. Social and personality psychology compass9(6), 255-268.

Jensen, R. H. (2018). Tension‐type headache–the normal and most prevalent headache. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain58(2), 339-345.

Lupe, S. E., Keefer, L., & Szigethy, E. (2020). Gaining resilience and reducing stress in the age of COVID-19. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology36(4), 295-303.

Sharma, D. K. (2018). Physiology of stress and its management. J Med Stud Res1(001), 1-5.

 

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